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Harold Godwinson
Harold II (or Harold Godwinson; ; (ラテン語:Haroldus); 1022 – 14 October 1066) was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066〔DeVries ''Norwegian Invasion''〕 until his death at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England. His death marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule over England.
Harold was a powerful earl and member of a prominent Anglo-Saxon family with ties to King Cnut. Upon the death of Edward the Confessor in January 1066, the ''Witenagemot'' convened and chose Harold to succeed; he was crowned in Westminster Abbey. In late September he successfully repelled an invasion by rival claimant Harald Hardrada of Norway, before marching his army back south to meet William the Conqueror at Hastings some two weeks later.
==Family background==
Harold was a son of Godwin (1001–1053), the powerful Earl of Wessex, and of Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, sister-in-law of King Cnut the Great of England and Denmark. Gytha's brother was Ulf Jarl, who married Cnut's sister Estrith (ca 1015/1016). This made Ulf the son-in-law of King Sweyn Forkbeard〔Walker ''Harold'' p. 10〕 (died 1014); Ulf and Estrith's son would become King Sweyn II of Denmark〔Barlow ''Feudal Kingdom'' p. 451〕 in 1047. Godwin was the son of Wulfnoth, probably a ''thegn'' and a native of Sussex.〔Edmund Ironside (reigned April to November 1016), but switched to supporting King Cnut by 1018, when Cnut named him Earl of Wessex.〔Walker ''Harold'' pp. 7–9〕 Godwin remained an earl throughout the remainder of Cnut's reign, one of only two earls to survive to the end of Cnut's reign.〔Walker ''Harold'' p. 12〕 On Cnut's death in 1035, Godwin originally supported Harthacnut instead of Cnut's initial successor Harold Harefoot, but managed to switch sides in 1037, although not without becoming involved in the 1036 murder of Alfred Aetheling, half brother of Harthacnut and younger brother of the later King Edward the Confessor.〔Walker ''Harold'' pp. 13–15〕 When Harold Harefoot died (1040), Harthacnut became King of England and Godwin's power was imperiled by his earlier involvement in Alfred's murder, but an oath and large gift secured the new king's favour for Godwin.〔Walker ''Harold'' p. 16〕 Harthacnut's death in 1042 likely involved Godwin in a role as kingmaker, helping to secure the English throne for Edward the Confessor. In 1045 Godwin reached the height of his power when the new king married Godwin's daughter Edith.〔Walker ''Harold'' pp. 17–18〕
Godwin and Gytha had several children - six sons: Sweyn, Harold, Tostig, Gyrth, Leofwine and Wulfnoth; and three daughters: Edith of Wessex (originally named Gytha but renamed Ealdgyth (or Edith) when she married King Edward the Confessor), Gunhild and Ælfgifu. The birthdates of the children are unknown, but Sweyn was the eldest and Harold was the second son.〔Mason ''House of Godwine'' p. 10〕 Harold was aged about 25 in 1045, which makes his birth year around 1020.〔Rex ''Harold'' p. 31〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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